Everything about Opiate
Substance derived from opium
An opiate is an alkaloid substance derived from opium. It differs from the similar term opioid in that the latter is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain. Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions, with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Most opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America. Wikipedia →
🧭 Start here: a 6-step reading path
- Read the overview: OpiateA 5-minute orientation
- Skim a recent paper: Can a new formulation of opiate agonist treatment alter stigma?: Place, time and things in the experience of extended-release buprenorphine depotInfluential work since 2022
- Pick up a classic book: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save LivesThe most-reprinted book on the subject
- Read the landmark paper: Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activityCited 3,176 times
- Go sideways: CodeineA closely related topic
- Go sideways: MorphineA closely related topic
📖 Definitions
Adjective Relating to, resembling, or containing opium.
Adjective Soporific; inducing sleep or sedation.
Adjective Deadening; causing apathy or dullness.
Noun A drug, hormone or other substance derived from or related to opium.
🏆 Landmark papers (most cited)
Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity
Opiate Receptor: Demonstration in Nervous Tissue
A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the µ-opiate receptor
The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS)
Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters β-endorphin binding and activity: Possible implications for opiate addiction
Dissociable Deficits in the Decision-Making Cognition of Chronic Amphetamine Abusers, Opiate Abusers, Patients with Focal Damage to Prefrontal Cortex, and Tryptophan-Depleted Normal Volunteers Evidence for Monoaminergic Mechanisms
Opiate analgesics inhibit substance P release from rat trigeminal nucleus
Psychotomimesis Mediated by κ Opiate Receptors
🆕 Influential since 2022
Can a new formulation of opiate agonist treatment alter stigma?: Place, time and things in the experience of extended-release buprenorphine depot
Opioid-free shoulder arthroplasty is safe, effective, and predictable compared with a traditional perioperative opiate regimen: a randomized controlled trial of a new clinical care pathway
Headache, Opiate Use, and Prescribing Trends in Women With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Resolution of opiate illicit drugs signals in the presence of some cutting agents with use of a voltammetric sensor array and machine learning strategies
Targeting mitochondrial dynamics of morphine-responsive dopaminergic neurons ameliorates opiate withdrawal
📚 Books worth reading
- 📕Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save LivesNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division · 2019
Physiopathology of Illicit DrugsGabriel G. Nahas · 1991
Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment of Opioid Use DisorderJohn A. Renner Jr., Petros Levounis · 2017- 📕Synthetic substitutes for opiate alkaloidsJoseph Cochin · 1975
Opioid Agonists, Antagonists and Mixed Narcotic AnalgesicsEnno Freye · 1987- 📕Opioid FixBarbara Andraka-Christou · 2020
Alcohol and opiatesKenneth Blum · 1977
Development of the Central Nervous SystemMichael W. Miller · 1991
Ranked by number of editions on Open Library, a rough measure of how lasting a book is.
🔗 Related topics
- Codeine Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found…
- Morphine Morphine, formerly known as morphium, is an opiate found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver…
- Opioid Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work on opioid receptors in the brain…
- Hydromorphone Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe…
- Narcotic The term narcotic (/nɑːrˈkɒtɪk/, from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "I make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with numbing…
- Dihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine, sold under the brand name Dicodin among others, is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for pain or severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive…
- Methadone Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose, among others, is a potent synthetic opioid used medically to treat chronic pain and opioid…
- Opioid-induced hyperalgesia Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), also known as opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity or paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized…