Everything about Ionization
Process by which atoms or molecules acquire charge by gaining or losing electrons
Ionization or ionisation is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules, electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons, and ions, or through the interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected. Wikipedia →
🧭 Start here: a 6-step reading path
- Read the overview: IonizationA 5-minute orientation
- Skim a recent paper: Review of: "(Field effect nano transistors) Nano transistor electronic quantity and ionization potential)"Influential work since 2022
- Pick up a classic book: Radiation histopathologyThe most-reprinted book on the subject
- Read the landmark paper: Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimerCited 7,804 times
- Go sideways: Tunnel ionizationA closely related topic
- Go sideways: Double ionizationA closely related topic
📖 Definitions
Noun Any process that leads to the dissociation of a neutral atom or molecule into charged particles ions; the state of being ionized.
🏆 Landmark papers (most cited)
Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer
Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization
Electrospray Ionization for Mass Spectrometry of Large Biomolecules
Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons
Molecular excitation energies to high-lying bound states from time-dependent density-functional response theory: Characterization and correction of the time-dependent local density approximation ionization threshold
Mass Spectrometry Sampling Under Ambient Conditions with Desorption Electrospray Ionization
Protein and polymer analyses up to m/z 100 000 by laser ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Stop and Go Extraction Tips for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Nanoelectrospray, and LC/MS Sample Pretreatment in Proteomics
🆕 Influential since 2022
Review of: "(Field effect nano transistors) Nano transistor electronic quantity and ionization potential)"
Single-atom Mo–Co catalyst with low biotoxicity for sustainable degradation of high-ionization-potential organic pollutants
Ionization potential-based design of deep eutectic solvent for recycling of spent lithium ion batteries
Adaptive Ionization-Induced Tunable Electric Double Layer for Practical Zn Metal Batteries over Wide pH and Temperature Ranges
Enhancing prediction of electron affinity and ionization energy in liquid organic electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries using machine learning
📚 Books worth reading
Radiation histopathologyGeorge W. Casarett · 1980
Plasma Physics And EngineeringAlexander Fridman · 2004
Ions, electrons, and ionizing radiationsCrowther, James Arnold · 1919
Measurement and detection of radiationNicholas Tsoulfanidis · 1983
Rand McNally world atlasRand McNally · 1931
Fundamentals of plasma physicsJ. A. Bittencourt · 1986- 📕Radiological physicsM. E. J. Young · 1957
The statistical theory of non-equilibrium processes in a plasmaKlimontovich, I͡U. L., D. ter Haar · 1967
Ranked by number of editions on Open Library, a rough measure of how lasting a book is.
🔗 Related topics
- Tunnel ionization In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom…
- Double ionization Double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation or charged particles like electrons, positrons or heavy ions are…
- High harmonic generation High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a non-linear process during which a target (gas, plasma, solid or liquid sample) is illuminated by an intense laser pulse…
- Above-threshold ionization In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically…
- Bond hardening Bond hardening is a process of creating a new chemical bond by strong laser fields—an effect opposite to bond softening. However, it is not opposite in…
- Resonant high harmonic generation from laser ablated plasma plumes High Harmonic Generation (HHG) is a non-perturbative and extremely nonlinear optical process taking place when a highly intense ultrashort laser pulse…
- Electron affinity (data page) This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not…
- Photoionization Photoionization is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule. Not every interaction between…