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Everything about TL431

Linear integrated circuit precision shunt regulator

The TL431 integrated circuit (IC) is a three-terminal adjustable precise shunt voltage regulator. With the use of an external voltage divider, a TL431 can regulate voltages ranging from 2.495 to 36 V, at currents up 100 mA. The typical initial deviation of reference voltage from the nominal 2.495 V level is measured in millivolts, the maximum worst-case deviation is measured in tens of millivolts. The circuit can control power transistors directly; combinations of the TL431 with power MOS transistors are used in high efficiency, very low dropout linear regulators. The TL431 is the de facto industry standard error amplifier circuit for switched-mode power supplies with optoelectronic coupling of the input and output networks. Wikipedia →

🧭 Start here: a 6-step reading path

  1. Read the overview: TL431A 5-minute orientation
  2. Pick up a classic book: Ansible for DevOpsThe most-reprinted book on the subject
  3. Read the landmark paper: Two Transistor Forward Converter with Loop Compensation using TL431Cited 1 times
  4. Go sideways: Low-dropout regulatorA closely related topic
  5. Go sideways: Voltage regulatorA closely related topic

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🗂️ The subject at a glance

  1. Construction and operation
  2. Precision
  3. Speed and stability
  4. Applications
  5. Variants, clones and derivatives

🏆 Landmark papers (most cited)

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