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Everything about Inverted pendulum

Pendulum with center of mass above pivot

An inverted pendulum is a pendulum that has its center of mass above its pivot point. It is unstable and falls over without additional help. It can be suspended stably in this inverted position by using a control system to monitor the angle of the pole and move the pivot point horizontally back under the center of mass when it starts to fall over, keeping it balanced. The inverted pendulum is a classic problem in dynamics and control theory and is used as a benchmark for testing control strategies. It is often implemented with the pivot point mounted on a cart that can move horizontally under control of an electronic servo system as shown in the photo; this is called a cart and pole apparatus. Most applications limit the pendulum to 1 degree of freedom by affixing the pole to an axis of rotation. Whereas a normal pendulum is stable when hanging downward, an inverted pendulum is inherently unstable, and must be actively balanced in order to remain upright; this can be done either by applying a torque at the pivot point, by moving the pivot point horizontally as part of a feedback system, changing the rate of rotation of a mass mounted on the pendulum on an axis parallel to the pivot axis and thereby generating a net torque on the pendulum, or by oscillating the pivot point vertically. A simple demonstration of moving the pivot point in a feedback system is achieved by balancing an upturned broomstick on the end of one's finger. Wikipedia →

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  1. Read the overview: Inverted pendulumA 5-minute orientation
  2. Skim a recent paper: Optimization Reinforced PID-Sliding Mode Controller for Rotary Inverted PendulumInfluential work since 2022
  3. Pick up a classic book: Shaping primate evolutionThe most-reprinted book on the subject
  4. Read the landmark paper: The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakesCited 1,291 times
  5. Go sideways: Pendulum (mechanics)A closely related topic
  6. Go sideways: Spherical pendulumA closely related topic

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